Almost every organization recognized as tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(3) is required to file some version of Form 990 with the IRS each year. The specific form depends on your nonprofit’s size, but the filing requirement applies to nearly all of them.

There are three versions. The 990-N, sometimes called the e-Postcard, is for organizations with gross receipts of $50,000 or less. It’s a simple online submission with basic identifying information. The 990-EZ is available for organizations with gross receipts under $200,000 and total assets under $500,000. The full Form 990 is required if your gross receipts hit $200,000 or more, or your total assets reach $500,000 or more.

Churches and their integrated auxiliaries are the main exception. They are not required to file Form 990, though some choose to do so voluntarily for transparency purposes. Certain government-affiliated organizations are also exempt from the requirement.

The deadline is the 15th day of the 5th month after your fiscal year ends. For nonprofits on a calendar year, that means May 15. You can request a six-month extension using Form 8868, but the extension only covers the filing itself, not any taxes that might be owed.

The consequence of not filing is serious. If your organization fails to file for three consecutive years, the IRS automatically revokes your tax-exempt status. This is not a warning or a discretionary decision. It happens automatically. Once revoked, you have to reapply for exemption from scratch, and donations made during the period without exempt status may not be tax-deductible for your donors. That can damage donor relationships and your organization’s credibility.

Many small nonprofits don’t realize they need to file anything at all, especially during years with little or no revenue. But even a zero-revenue year requires the 990-N. The IRS doesn’t care how small your organization is. They care that you filed.

Keeping your small business bookkeeping in order throughout the year makes the 990 process much smoother. If your financial records are months behind or disorganized, pulling together accurate revenue and expense figures for the return becomes a stressful last-minute project. Clean books mean the data is ready when filing season arrives instead of requiring weeks of reconstruction.

If you’re unsure which version applies to your organization or whether you’re current on filings, it’s worth checking now rather than later. The IRS maintains a public database of organizations that have lost their exempt status, and you don’t want to discover you’re on that list when a major donor asks for a contribution receipt.